简单句

英语当中的任何句子由简单句组成，都是在表述 什么(主语) + 怎么样(谓语) ，简单句由 {主语} {谓语} 结构组成，其中 谓语 都有一个核心动词 —— 谓语动词，根据 5 种谓语动词可得到五大基本句型。

{主语,subject} {谓语,predicate}

主语：通常为人或物

谓语：描述动作或发生了什么事，而这里的动作为广义上的动作，即英语中的动词 (Verb)

谓语动词

谓语动词共有 5 种：不及物动词、单及物动词、双及物动词、复杂及物动词、系动词。

动词类型	结构	例句
可以独立完成的动作	主语 + 不及物动词	Papa Rabbit sleeps . 兔老爹 睡觉
有 1 个动作的承受者	主语 + 单及物动词 + 宾语	Papa Rabbit likes you. 兔老爹 喜欢 你 The police found the letter missing. 警察 发现 那封信不见了
有 2 个动作承受者	主语 + 双及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语	Papa Rabbit teaches you English. 兔老爹 教 你英语
只有 1 个动作承受者 （但需要补充）	主语 + 复杂及物动词 + 宾语 + (宾语) 补语	Papa Rabbit considers you smart. 兔老爹 认为 你聪明 The police found the missing letter. 警察 找到 了那封丢失的信。
非 “动词”	主语 + 系动词 + (主语) 补语 / 表语	Papa Rabbit is tall. 兔老爹 是 高的 Papa Rabbit looks tall. 兔老爹 看起来 高 Papa Rabbit smells nice. 兔老爹 闻上去 香

宾语：Object（翻译成 "对象" 更容易理解）

直接宾语：direct object

间接宾语：indirect object

宾语补语：object complement

(连) 系动词：Linking Verbs

笔记

“及物” 的意思是：要带个物品 / 人物

五大基本句型

根据 5 种谓语动词得到 5 种基本句型：

1. 无需承受者（宾语）：主语 + 不及物动词
2. 一个宾语，无补充信息：主语 + 单及物动词 + 宾语
3. 两个宾语：主语 + 双及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
4. 一个宾语 + 补充信息：主语 + 复杂及物动词 + 宾语 + (宾语) 补语
5. 赋予信息：主语 + 系动词 + (主语) 补语 / 表语

笔记

严格来讲，谓语 ≠ 谓语动词，而是 谓语 ⊇ 谓语动词 ，上述提到的宾语、间接宾语、直接宾语、补语都属于谓语范围内。

句子成分

主语

人或物

谓语 - 谓语动词

见简单句 - 谓语动词 部分。

三大本领

1. 动作 **时间 **：动作可能在过去或将来
   1. 现在
   2. 过去
   3. 将来
   4. 过去将来
2. 动作状态：动作可能是已经完成的状态或者正在进行的状态
   1. 一般
   2. 完成
   3. 进行
   4. 完成进行

以上两者合在一起成为时态，tense，上述时间、状态排列组合，理论上有 16 种可能的时态。

3. 动作假设，情感（语气）：虚拟语气、陈述语气、祈使语气

注意

谓语动词本身往往不能够独立完成以上本领，且无法独自完成表示否定、可能性、必须性等意思，因此需要借助 “助动词”

含义	助动词	例句
（协助）表示 “吃过了（完成）”	have	have eaten
（协助）表示 “正在吃 (进行)”	be	is eating
（协助）表示 "被吃"	be	is eaten
（协助）表示 “有能力吃”	can	can eat
（协助）表示 “有可能吃”	might	might eat
（协助）表示 “有义务吃”	must	must eat
（协助）表示 “不吃（否定）”	do	do not eat

谓语 - 宾语

宾语（英语：Object），也称受詞。 是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。

笔记

Java 中的对象英语也是 Object，因此宾语即对象。

• Papa Rabbit likes you.

谓语 - 宾语补语

宾语补语（Object Complement）是用来补充说明或描述宾语的词或词组。在英语句子结构中，宾语补语通常会出现在动词后面，用于描述宾语的状态、身份或特征。

• Papa Rabbit considers you smart.

谓语 - 主语补语 (表语)

表语，属于主语补足语，语法名词，是指说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的词或从句，表语常由名词、形容词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、副词来充当，它常位于系动词之后。

• Papa Rabbit is tall.

• Papa Rabbit looks tall.

• Papa Rabbit smells nice.

定语

Attribute，主要用于修饰主语或宾语

The little white rabbit ate a large carrot.
这只小白兔吃了一根大胡萝卜.

The little white(定语，小的白的) -> rabbit(主语，兔)
a large(定语，一根大的) -> carrot(宾语,胡萝卜)

状语

Adverbial，主要用来修饰谓语动词

The rabbit ate quickly.	  // quickly(状语)修饰ate(谓语动词)
兔子快速地吃.

quickly(快速地) -> ate(吃)

同位语

Appositive，主要用来再把主语或宾语说一遍

Papa Rabbit,an English teacher,eats carrots.
兔老爹，一个英语老师，吃胡萝卜。

主语：Papa Rabbit
同位语：an English teacher   // 换了个方式描述主语
an English teacher就是把Papa Rabbit用不同方式再说一遍，与[主语]同等地位

句子组合

将简单句（simple sentences）组合便是复合句（compound sentences，并列句）、复杂句（complex sentences）

复合句

句子的简单叠加，是并列关系。

将一个简单句修改作从句即得到：

作主语 -> 主语从句
作宾语 -> 宾语从句
作表语 -> 表语从句
作同位语 -> 同位语从句

以上从句都具有名词性质，因此又合称为名词性从句

作定语 -> 定语从句
作状语 -> 状语从句

复杂句

把一个句子套在另一个句子里，甚至还可以句子套句子，一直套下去，并不禁止套娃。

词性（词类）

1. 名词 n. noun ，表人和物； Papa Rabbit is a rabbit .
2. 冠词 art. article ，说明人和事物； Papa Rabbit is a rabbit.
3. 形容词 adj. adjective ，形容人和物； I am a smart rabbit.
4. 数词 num. numeral ，表数量； I ate two carrots.
5. 代词 pron. pronoun ，代替人和物； I am a rabbit.
6. 连词 conj. conjunction ，连接词和句； I ate two carrots and a potato， because I was hungry.
7. 动词 v. verb
8. 副词 adv. adverb ，修饰动词或形容词等； I ate two carrots quickly .
9. 介词 prep. preposition(前置词) ，表示和其他词关系的词； I ate two carrots with chopsticks.
10. 感叹词 interj. interjection ，表感叹； Ah , the carrot is tasty!

笔记

句子成分≠词性，除了谓语动词是动词外，其他都有可能包含不同的词类。

Be 动词

没有意义，起联系作用

形式

一般现在时：be is(单数) am are(复数)	// 我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它
过去时态：was(单数) were(复数)
现在分词：being
过去分词：been

The man is back.	// 单数主语
They are back.		// 复数主语

He was back. 	// 发生在过去
They were back.	// 发生在过去

They have been back.	// 表示已经回来了

用法

后面接名词、形容词、地点副词、短语作补足语，起到联系前面的主语和后面的补足语成分。

The man is a teacher.	// 补充说明前面的主语

Mary's new dresses are colorful.

My mother was in the kitchen.

练习

他们是老师
They are teachers.	// 现在时

他以前是一名老师
He was a teacher before.	// 过去时

他已经当了3年的老师
He has been a teacher for 3 years.	// 完成时

否定

在 am,is,are,was,were 后面加 not 。

缩略式 am not,isn't,aren't wasn't weren't

翻译

be 动词可以翻译成 是 或者不作翻译

否定形式翻译为 不是 或者 不xxxx

The man isn't back.

I am not back.

They aren't back.

He wasn't back.

They weren't back.

提问 / 回答

把 be 动词放在主语前面（句首）

Is he a teacher?
Yes,he is. / No, he isn't.

Are you a teacher?
Yes,I am. / No, I am not.

Where they teachers?	// 他们以前是老师吗？
Yes,they were. / No,they weren't.

练习

他是医生吗？
Is he a doctor?
No,he isn't.

他们昨天在教师吗？
Were they in the classroom yesterday?
Yes,they were.

他们昨天不在教室
THey Weren't in the classroom yesterday.

代词

代词（英语：pronoun），又叫代名词，在语言学和语法学中是指代替名词或名词短语的形式词（是否附加限定词各个语言不同），如汉语的 “你”、“我”、“他”，英语的 “you”、“this”，法语的 “nous”、“elle” 等。

主格	宾格	形容词性 物主代词	名词性 物主代词
I	me	my	mine
He	him	his	his
She	her	her	hers
It	it	its	its
You	you	your	yours
We	us	our	ours
They	them	their	theirs

主（语）格代词

I,he,she,it,you,we,they

I am a teacher.

He is a teacher.

You are teachers.

宾（语）格代词

me,him,her,it,you,us,them

He likes me.

We like her.

I like them.

练习

我喜欢它。
I like it.

他们认识他。
They know him.

---

形容词性物主代词

像形容词一样修饰后面名词的物主代词

单数形式： my,your,his/her/its/one's(某人的)

复数形式： our,your,their

This is my book.

We love our motherland

Those are your socks.

名词性物主代词

物的主人，但它又像名词一样使用，后面不能接名词了。

需要通过上下文来体现，如上文提及 my book ，下文即可使用 mine 代替 my book 。

单数形式： mine,yours,his/hers/its,one's

复数形式： ours,yours,theirs

The book is ours. 等价于 The book is our book.

The apple is hers. 等价于 The apple is her apple.

练习

我的老师是中国人。
My teacher is Chinese. // 形容词性物主代词

这个电脑是他们的。
This computer is theirs. // 名词性物主代词

我们的书在书架上。
Our book is on the shelf. // 形容词性物主代词

---

反身代词

表示某人自己，通常是作主语的自己

单数			复数
myself		yourselves
yourself	ourselves
herself		themselves
himself
itself

Please help yourself to some fish. // 作宾语

请随便吃点鱼。

We enjoyed ourselves last night.

我们昨天晚上玩得很愉快。

The thing itself is not important. // 作同位语

事情本身并不重要。

练习

Take good care of (yourself)

She gained control of (herself)

实义动词

有实际意义的动词，实义动词有时态、数量上的变化，数量体现在单数主语、复数主语连用时动词要进行数量的变化

come read go watch play fly

特征

He comes from Shenyang. // 一般现在时，单三

第三人称单数（单三）

一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数时，动词使用单三形式：

• 在动词后面加 s 、 es
• 最后一个 y 改 ies

She is reading story books. // 现在进行时

They went to America yesterday. // 一般过去时

We have watched the game for three times. // 现在完成时

My mother will fly back to China next month. // 将来时

练习

他昨天来上海了。
He came to Shanghai yesterday.	// 过去式

我们正在写作用。
We are writing homework.	// 现在进行时

他们读这本书已经读3遍了。
They have read this book three times.	// 现在完成时

否定

需使用助动词进行否定，在助动词 do does （一般现在时）| did（一般过去时） 后面加 not

do not / don't	// 一般现在时，非第三人称

does not / doesn't	// 一般现在时，第三人称单数

did not / didn't	// 一般过去时

I don't go to school by bus.

She doesn't watch TV everyday.

They didn't swim last night.

提问 / 回答

需使用助动词进行提问，在助动词 do does （一般现在时）| did（一般过去时） 。

陈述句改疑问句

助动词放在句首，如时态发生变化（如今天问昨天发生的事情？），实义动词需改回原形。

He often plays golf.

他经常打高尔夫球

Does he often play golf?

他经常打高尔夫球吗？

Yes, he does. / No,he doesn't.

They go to school by bus.

Do they go to school by bus?

Yes,they do. No,they don't.

Sam had breakfast yesterday.（一般过去式）

山姆昨天吃早餐了。

Did sam have breakfast yesterday? // 把 had 改回原型 have

山姆昨天吃早餐了吗？

Yes,he did. / No,he didn't.

笔记

上述回答均省略了，如 Yes,he did breakfast yesterday. 省略后面的 breakfast yesterday

练习

他每天都学英语吗？
Does he learn English everyday?
是的，他每天都学英语。
Yes,he does.

Tom昨天没有吃早饭。
Tom didn't have breakfast yesterday.

疑问词 （提问 / 回答）

when	什么时候
where	哪里
who		谁
what	什么
how		怎么

疑问词放句首

陈述句改疑问句

疑问的对象是主语时：

• 疑问词放句首，句子其他成分按顺序出现即可。

在对宾语提问时：

• 原文主语有助动词或 be 动词，则提取到疑问词后
• 否则，需在疑问词后面加上助动词

助动词的时态跟随陈述句时态

再将实义动词改为原形

原句：He bought three books yesterday.

Who bought three books yesterday?

谁昨天买了三本书？

What did he buy yesterday? //

他昨天买了什么书？

When did he buy three books?

他什么时候买了三本书？

练习

They wanted to go to Shanghai by air. // 一般过去时
他们想要坐飞机去上海。

不知道谁要坐飞机去上海：
Who wanted to go to Shanghai by air?

不知道他们想要坐飞机去哪里：
Where did they want to go by air?

不知道他们想怎么去上海：
How did they want to go to Shanghai?

---

how long	多长时间
how far		多远
how often	多长时间一次
why			为什么，什么原因

陈述句：They have been in China for three years.

疑问句：How long have they been in China? // 疑问词 - 多次时间 + 助动词前提

陈述句：It is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xi'an.

疑问句：How far is it from Beijing to Xi'an? // 疑问词 - 多远 + 助动词前提

陈述句：They come to visit me once a week. // 他们每周来看我一次（一般现在时）

疑问句：How often do they come to visit me? // 疑问词 - 多长时间一次 + 外加助动词

陈述句：She came late,because she missed the bus. // 她来晚了，因为她没赶上公共汽车。

疑问句：Why did she come late? // 疑问词 - 为什么 + 外加助动词 + 实义动词改原形

练习

他们学汉语多长时间了？			// 事情已经发生了，现在完成时（助动词have）
How long have they learned English?

你多长时间看一次电影？
How often do you watch movies?   // 一般现在时，非第三人称助动词 do

你的家离学习多远？
How far is it from your house to yourshcool?

名词

可数名词（countable noun）

数得过来的概念，>1 时用需用复数

• apple,pencil,student

复数规则

apple - apples
pencil - pencils
tomato - tomatoes

• 以 s,z,x,ch,sh （发 /s/、/ʃ/ ）结尾加 es ：bus -> buses
• 以 辅音字母 + y 结尾，将 y 改 i ，加 es ：candy -> candies
• 以 o 结尾（外来词 <法、德>、缩写除外），加 es ：tomato -> tomatoes，hippo(potamus)->hippos
• 其他情况，加 s ：friend -> friends

笔记

复数的 s 通常发 /z/

量词

可加 a(an) 或量词

• 后接辅音字母开头，使用 a
• 后接元音字母开头，使用 an

apple
- an apple // 一个苹果，元音字母用an
- a box of apples  // 量词一箱

tomato
- a tomato
- a bag of tomatos

不可数名词（uncountable noun）

无法计算的数量或抽象概念

• salt,coffee,water,history,love

复数规则

无复数形式

量词

不可加 a(an) ，但可以加量词，量词可以前加 a(an)

coffee
- a cup of coffee / two cups of coffee

练习

He bought me (			)
一盒巧克力：a box of chocolate   // 巧克力不可数
一辆自行车：a bike				// 自行车可数

代词

指示代词

标识人或者事物的代词，用来代替前面已提到过的名词。（知道的人 / 物）

this，these 这个，这些
that，those 那个，那些

This is his book.

Those apples were his.

不定代词

指代不确定的人或者事物（不知道的人 / 物）

one
the other
some
any
something 某事，某物
nothing 什么都不知道，一无所知

No one knows where he is.

Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai,but the others want to go to Xi'an.

Each of the students has got a book.

练习

(These) teachers are from China.
这些教师都是从中国来的。

I know (nothing) about this person.
我对这个人一无所知。

I have (something) to tell you.
我有事情要告诉你。

形容词

1. 形容词通常形容人或事物的状态，性质，大小等，通常用在名词前，be 动词后。

beautiful
the beautiful girl	// 名词前
The girl is beautiful	// be动词后

2. The + 形容词 = 复数名词 ，表示一类，后面的动词使用复数。

old - the old // 老年人
young - the yong // 年轻人

The old need more care than the young .

练习

She is a (good) student.
她是一个好学生

This bike is (expansive).
这辆自行车很贵

(The rich) sometimes complain their empty life。
富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。

副词

1. 副词可以修饰动词，形容词，其他副词以及其他结构。

• He runs fast. // 修饰动词 runs，跑得很快
• She is very beautiful. // 修饰形容词 beautiful，非常漂亮
• They work very hard. // 修饰副词 hard，工作非常 努力

2. 副词的位置
   1. 根据情况，放在助动词之后，实义动词之前或之后
   2. 形容词之前，其他副词之前或之后
   3. 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后

• He speaks very fast. // 在实义动词的后面，副词 very 在副词 fast 前面
• They have already left. // 助动词之后，实义动词之前
• They have already been repaired. // 多个助动词，放在第一个助动词后

3. 常用的频度副词（always,usually,often,sometimes,never...）的位置通常放在一般（实义）动词前面，be 动词后面，助动词和实义动词之间

• They always come early. // 实义动词前面
• Sam often writes homework at 7:00. // 实义动词前面

练习

Please write the word （slowly）
					（慢慢地）
They (sometimes) come here.
	(有时)
	
The tree is (very) tall.
			(非常)

不定量表达法

不确定数量的表达法

some 一些
any 一些
most 大多数
every 每一个
all 所有

---

both 两者都
either 两者之一
neither 两者都不

many 许多，大量
much 许多，大量
a lot of [lots of] 许多，大量
plenty of 许多，大量

---

a few 几个
few 没几个

a little 一点儿
little 没多点

none 一个也不，一点也不
no one 一个也不，一点也不

1. some , any 都表示 “一些”，后面可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词

   some 主要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答时，也可用在疑问句中

   any 主要用在否定和疑问句中

• I's been expecting some letters the whole morning, but there weren't any for me.

我整个上午都在等（一些）信（肯定句），但没有收到我的（任何）信（否定句）。

2. most 作为形容词时表示大部分的，后面接复数名词。

• Most people here are from China. //people 有人们的含义，因此可以不用复数形式

3. every 表示 “每一个，所有”，后面接单数名词。

• Every one likes the film.

4. all 表示 “所有”，后面接可数名词复数，不可数名词单数。

• All the cars are parked in the parking lot.
• All the coffee is served on time.

练习

(Some) boys went camping yesterday.
(一些)

(All) the children like to play football.
(所有的)

(Most) teachers want to work here.
(大多数)

---

5. both 表示 “两者都”，可作形容词，代词和副词， either 是 “两者之一”， neither 是 “两者都不”。

• Both his eyes were severely burned. // 他的双眼严重烧伤
• There are trees on either side of the street. // 这条街的两边都有树。
• Neither answer is correct. // 两个答案都不对。

6. many 修饰可数名词，表示 “许多”， much 修饰不可数名词，表示 “许多”。 a lot of [lots of] , plenty of 均可修饰可数和不可数名词。

• many books
• much water
• a lot of books/water
• lots of books/water
• plenty of books/water

练习

(Both) the hands are washed.
(两个都)

Xiaowang drank (much) coffee last night.
				(很多)

---

7. a few 为肯定含义 “几个”， few 为否定含义 “没几个”，以上两个词均和可数名词连用。

• A few books are put into the box. // 几本书被放进盒子里。
• Few books are put into the box. // 没几本书被放进盒子里。

8. a little 为肯定含义的 “一点儿”， little 为否定含义 “没多点”，以上两个词均可和不可数名词连用。

• There is a little water in the bottle.
• There is little water in the bottle.

9. none 和 no one 的意思相同，主要作代词，翻译为 “一个也不，一点也不”，用法稍有区别。
   1. none 可以接 of 短语，动词可以单数，也可用复数。
   2. no one 不能接 of 短语，动词只能单数。

• No one knows the answer.
• None of us have(has) arrived.

练习

(A few) books are put into the box.
(几本)

There is (a little) water in the bottle.
		(一点儿)

(Nane) of us have(has) arrived.
(没有一个)

倒装句

There (be)  有
Here  (be)  是

1. There/Here + (be) 根据上下文，有多种翻译方法，可以翻译成 “有”，“是”。be 动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化。

• There is a book on the bookshelf. // 书架上有一本书
• There are some books on the bookshelf. // 书架上有一些书
• Here is the bus stop. // 这是汽车站
• Here are your books. // 这些是你的书

笔记

上述的主语是后面的 book、bus stop，be 动词的单复数形式也由主语决定

练习

(There is) a lot of water in the bottle
(有)

(Here is) your car.
(这是)

(There are) many students in the room.
(有)

被动语态

1. 如果主语是动作的承受者，则用动词的被动语态作谓语。
2. 被动语态的构成： be + p.p.(动词的过去分词) + by sb(somebody，某人某物)

• He is taken to America by his mother. // 他被妈妈带到了美国。

时态

• The information is needed by us. // 我们需要这些信息。 一般现在时 be + p.p. 的被动语态，主语即承受者为 information，不可数用单三 is
• The information is being needed by us. // 现在进行时
• The book was being read by him. // 他正在读这本书。 过去进行时 was(单三) + doing + p.p.
• The book was read by him. // 一般过去时
• The computer has been used by her. // 这台电脑被她用过。 完成时
• The room will be cleaned. // 将来时
• The computer could have been used by them. // 完成时

点击查看

The information (is needed).
				(need)

The book (was read).
		(read)

The door (has been opened).
		(open)

The book (was being read).
		(read)

The computer (had been used).
			(use)

The computer (could have been used).
			(use)

The room (will be cleaned).
		(clean)

结合 情态动词

4. 被动语态也可以和情态动词结合：

can/could + be + did
may/might
must/have to
should/ought to
had better/would rather
used to/would
need+doing/to be + did

• The food could be taken away.
• The food might be taken away.
• The food must be taken away.
• The food should be taken away.
• The food needs taking away.
• The food had better be taken away.
• The food use to be returned in two days.

练习

The room (may)(可能) be cleaned.

The door (must)(必须) be locked.

The house (should)(应该) be furnished.

The tree (had better)(最好) be watered now.

省略 by + 行为者

1. 动作的行为者不分明，或不重要，或上下文中提到了行为者时， by+行为者 可以省略。

• The information is needed.
• The book is being read. // 那本书正在被读
• The door was opened. // 门被打开了

练习

The door (is opened).
		(被打开了，open)

The book (is being read).    // “正读着”表明了需要使用时态,一般进行时
		(正读着，read)

The computer (has been used).		// "已经被"表明了需要使用时态,一般完成时
			（已经被用了，use）

The pencil (had been sharpened).		// "已经被"表明了需要使用时态,一般完成时
		（已经被削尖了，sharpen）

疑问句

1. 被动语态的一般疑问句： 助动词(be动词) + 主语 + （其他助动词） + 动词过去分词 ~?

• Is the information needed by him?
  • Yes, it is. / No, it isn't.
• Had the computer been used by her? // 完成时
  • Yes, it has. / No, it hasn't. // 主语是计算机
• Will the room be cleaned? // 一般将来时
  • Yes,it will. / No, it won't.

2. 被动语态的特殊疑问句： 疑问句 + 助动词 + 主语 + （其他助动词） + 动词过去分词 ~?

• The information is needed by them. // 划线为缺省部分，提问
  • What is needed by them?
• The girl is taken to Shanghai.
  • Where is the girl taken?
• The book has been read three times.
  • How many times has the book been read?

练习

(Is) the book (being read) by her?  // "正在读"可知现在进行时，主语book是单三，用is
她正在读那本书吗？(read)

(Has) the computer (been used) by them?   // "用过"可知现在完成时
他们用过那台电脑吗？(use)

How often (is) the English class (taked)?   // 一般现在时
英语课多长时间上一次？(taken)

非谓语动词

动词不定式

动词不定式：由 to + 动词原形 构成。可以做主语、宾语、宾补、定语、表语、状语。

主语：

• To get there by bike will take us an hour.

宾语：

• The driver failed to see the car in time.

宾补：

• We believe him to be guilty.

定语：

• The next train to arrive is from seoul.

表语： // 放在 be 动词后的结构

• My suggestion is to put off the meeting.

状语： // 目的状语

• I come here only to say goodbye to you.

固定结构

1. too ~ to + 动词原形 ：太…… 以至于不能……（否定语气）

• The room is too small to live.

2. enough + n(名词) + to + v / adj（形容词） + enough + to + v ：足够…… 可以……（肯定语气）

• There is enough food to eat.
• The box is big enough to contain six apples.

动名词

动词原形+ing 可作动名词用，具有动词的特征和变化形式，但在句子中的用法及功能类同名词：在句子可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。

• Reading is an art. // “阅读” 是一门艺术；作主语
• They went on walking and never stopped talking. // 他们继续走着，不停地说话；作宾语
• Your task is quickly cleaning the windows. // 你的任务是迅速擦窗户；作宾语
• This is a reading room. // 这是一个阅览室；作定语

固定结构

1. on 动词原形+ing ：一…… 就……

• On seeing the snake the girl was very frightened. // 一看见那条蛇，那个女孩就非常害怕

2. There is no hope of 动词原形+ing ：没希望……

• There is no hope of seeing him.

3. feel like 动词原形+ing ：想要……

• I feel like eating ice cream now.

4. have a hard time 动词原形+ing ：做…… 艰难

• They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.

练习

(To finish the work) will take us an hour.   // 这里只可以用动词不定式，表示即将完成的概念
（完成这项工作）

I come here (to say goodbye to you).
			（和你告别）
 
(Talking) is an art.
(说话)

There are enough books (to read).
						(read)

I feel like (drinking) coffee now,
			(drink)

The room is too small (to live).
					(live)

作形式主语

to 不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上，但一般用 it 代替它作形式主语，这种情况 it 叫形式主语（假主语）。

• It's a great honor to be invited. // 被邀请很荣幸。
• It is no use crying over spilt milk. // 覆水难收

作形式宾语

在宾语的位置上，用 it 代替它作形式宾语，这种情况 it 叫形式宾语（假宾语）。

• We think it important to learn English. // 我们认为学习英语很重要。
• I found it pleasant walking in the park. // 在公园里走是件乐事

否定

对动名词或不定式进行否定时，在 ** 不定式或动名词前加 not ** 否定就可以了。

• He pretended not to see her.
• He regrets not joining them.

练习

It is no use (crying) over spilt milk.
			(cry)
			
We think it important (to learn) English.
					(learn)

He pretended (not to see) her.
			(not see)

目的状语

1. in order to + v 表示目的，置于句首、句尾均可。
2. so as to + v 表示目的，只能置于句尾。

笔记

不加 in order 、 so as 也可以表示目的，但加上更常用

• I've written it down in order to remember it. // I've = I have
• In order to remember it, I've written it down.
• He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.

否定形式

在 to 前面加 not

• I've written it down in order not to forget it.
• He said nothing so as not to be noticed.

练习

He gets up early (in order to) arrive at school on time.
				(目的是)

He wrote it down (in not order to) forget it,
				(目的是不)

现在分词

{v+ing} 可称之为动名词，也可称之为现在分词。

• Writing books is his job. // Writing books 是一个主语，即动名词
• He is writing a book. // 进行时态 be 动词后为现在分词

过去分词

动词的 p.p. 形式可称之为动词的过去分词，用在完成时和被动语态当中。

• He has written the homework. // 被动语态
• The homework is written. // 完成时

分词句

分词句式包含现在分词和过去分词的分句

• The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. // 伴随状语

• Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. // 伴随状语

练习

He likes (drinking) coffee.   // likes后面接宾语，因此用动名词
		(drink)


The door (was locked).
		(lock)

(Gi) better attention, the plants could grow better.
(give)

原形不定式

使役动词

1. 使役动词，表示 “使 / 让……”； have, make, let 做使役动词，构成结构为： have/make/let + {object} + {v}

• He made me laugh. //made 为 make 的过去式，即一般过去时
• I let him go.
• Please have him come here.

2. get 和 help 都做使役动词

get 的使役动词句为 get + {object} + to + {v} ，译为让、使

help 的使役动词句为 help + {object} + [to] + {v} ，译为帮助

• I can't get anyone to do the work properly.
• I helped him (to) repair the car.

3. 1、2 所有 使役动词 + {object} + {did} 表示 “让某物 / 人被别人……”。

• I must get my hair cut.
• He couldn't make himself heard.
• Can you get the work finished in the?

练习

He made me (laugh).
		(laugh)

I let him (go).
		(go)

I must get my hair (cut).  // 头发被剪，用过去分词
					(cut)

感官动词

1. {感官动词} + {object} + {do/doing}

see 看见
watch 观看
observe 观察
notice 注意
hear 听
smell 闻
taste 品尝
feel 感觉

{感官动词} + {object} + {do} ，表示动作的真实性。

{感官动词} + {object} + {doing} ，表示动作的连续性、进行性。

• I saw him work in the garden yesterday. // 昨天我看见他在花园里干活。 表达真实性含义
• I saw him working in the garden yesterday. // 昨天我看见他在花园里干活。 表达的是我看见他一直在劳作的含义

2. {感官动词} + {object} + {did} 表示 “被…… 了”

• John saw the man knocked down by the car.

练习

I watched a dog (running) in the garden yesterday.   // 要表达的是昨天有只狗一直在花园里跑，所有要用doing表连续性。
				(run)

I heard Sam (sent) to the hospital.  // 我听说山姆被送进了医院；山姆是被送，因此用被动
			(send)

假设

未发生的假设

1. 条件状语从句，用 if 引导条件状语从句，从句为现在时，通常译作 “如果……”

• if you get up early, you will catch up with the train. // 如果你起得早，你就会赶上火车；从句 (前) 现在时，主句用将来时。

2. if 引导的条件状语从句，可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾。

• If you ask him, he will help you.
• She will be upset if you fail the exam.

练习

If he runs, he (will get) there in time.
				(get)
如果他跑的话，他就会及时赶到那儿。

The cat (scratches) you if you pull her tail.
		(scratch)
如果你拉猫的尾巴，它就会抓你

虚拟语气

1. if 从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，和现在事实相反的。主从句时态具体如下：

从句： If {主语} {done(be用were)} ……

主语： would/could/should/might(情态动词过去式) + {do}

• If I were you, I would join them. // 如果我是你，我就加入他们。
• She would come with you if you invited her. // 如果你邀请她，她会和你一起去的。

练习

If I (knew) his telephone number, I (would tell) you.  // 与事实相反，我并不知道他的号码。从句用动词过去式，主句用情态动词过去式+do
	(know)						(tell)

If I (had) any money with me, I (would lend) you some.
	(have)					(lend)

If I (were) you, I (would take) an umbrella.
	(be)		(take)

2. if 从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，和过去事实相反的。主从句时态具体如下：

从句： if {主语} had {did}

主语： would/could/should/might(情态动词过去式) have {did}

• If I had got there earlier, I should have met have met her. // 如果我早点到那里，我就会见到她了。
• If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. // 否定

练习

• If he had studied(study) harder, he might have passed the exam. // 由主句使用情态动词过去式 + have+{did} 可以为与过去事实相反的假设
• If there had been(be) a heavy snow, we should not have gone(not go) skating.
• If I had got(get) there earlier, I would have met(meet) her.

愿望 / 希望

1. wish 后面的从句，译为 “希望…… 就好了”，是不可能实现的假设。

与现在事实相反的愿望，从句使用一般过去式

• I wish I were as tall as you.

与过去事实相反的愿望，从句使用过去完成时

• He wished he hadn't said that.

将来不大可能实现的愿望，从句使用 would/should/could {do}

• I wish it would rain tomorrow.

笔记

使用 wish 说明是现在的愿望， wished 说明是过去的愿望

2. as if ，译为 “看起来好像……”

从句表示与现在事实相反，从句使用一般过去式

• You look as if you didn't care.

从句表示与过去事实相反，从句使用过去完成时

• He talks about Rome as if had been there before.

从句表示与将来事实相反，从句使用 would/should/could {do}

• He opened his mouth as if he would say something.

练习

I wish I (were) as tall as you.
		(be)

He talks as if he (knew) where she was.
				(know)

I wish it (would rain) tomorrow.
		(rain)

定语从句

定语从句：在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，叫先行词。其后的从句，就是定语从句，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词

关系代词，在从句中做一定的成分，代替先行词，起到连接先行词和从句的作用。

常用关系代词： that, who, which, whom, whose （可不翻译）

	指人	指物
主格	who/that	which/that
宾格	who/that/whom	which/that (可省略)
属格	whose	whose

that	代替事物/人，可不翻译，可主、可宾
who		代替人，可不翻译，可主、可宾
which	代替事物，可主、可宾(可省略)
whom	代替人，只可宾
whose	代替某人的/某事物的

• The girl whom/that I spoke to is my cousin.

先行词：The girl
关系词：whom/that
定语从句：I spoke to is my cousin   // 翻译时将girl放回to后面

先行词是人的话，用 that, who, whom, whose 来引导定语从句

• They are the people that/who were seen yesterday. // 昨天被看见的人，这个 people 是主语

• They are the people whom/that/who I saw yesterday. // 我昨天看见的人，这里 I 是主语，people 是宾语

• They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday. // 那些人的钱包被丢掉，人作属格

先行词是动物 / 事物的话，用 which,that,whose 来引导定语从句

• He came back for the book which/that he had forgotten. //
• He came back for the book which/that was on the desk.
• This is the chair whose legs were broken.

练习

He was the person (who/that) joined the army that year.

He came back for the book (which/that) he had forgotten.  // 作宾语，可省略不写

He is the man (whose) wife is a teacher.

关系副词

why ：用于修饰表示原因的名词（eg. the reason）

• We don't know the reason why he didn't show up. // 从句 “他没有出现”，我们不知道原因

when ：修饰表示时间的名词（eg. next week）

• We'll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.

  我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一些。

where ：修饰表示地点的名词（eg. the place）

• We don't know the place where he lives.

  我们不知道他住的地方。

练习

He works in a factory (where) TV sets are made.

We'll put off the picnic until next week, (when) the weather may be better.

She didn't tell me the reason (why) she refused the offer.

宾语从句

宾语从句：从句子中起宾语作用的从句

从属连词：that, if, whether

连接代词：who, whom, whose, what

连接副词：when, where, why, how

He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.

他告诉我他明年要上大学。

从属连词

that 可不翻译
if, whether 是否

• He said that he was there yesterday.

  他说他昨天在那儿。

• He doesn't know if/whether he was there.

  他不知道自己是否在场。

连接代词

who, whom 谁
whose 谁的
what 什么

• Do you know who has won the game?

  你知道谁赢了这场比赛吗？

• Do you know whom he likes?

  你知道他喜欢谁吗？

• Do you know whose book it is?

  你知道这是谁的书吗？

• Do you know what he is looking at?

  你知道他在看什么吗？

连接副词

when
where
why
how

• He wants to know when the party is.

  他想知道派对什么时候举行。

• He wants to know where the party is.

  他想知道派对在哪里。

• he wants to know why they have a party.

  他想知道他们为什么要开派对。

• He wants to know how they come.

  他想知道它们是怎么来的。

练习

He doesn't know (if) she is at school.   // that  不知道在学校    if/whether 不知道在不在学校

He wants to know (where) she is.

He wants to know (when) she comes.
				(if)
				(why)
				(when)

He wants to know (what) she is reading.  // 她在读什么

He wants to know (whose) book it is.   // 谁的书

比较级 & 最高级

规则

形容词和副词

• 词尾是 ** 不发音的单音节 e ** 时，加 r (比较级)、 st (最高级)

  nice、nicer、the nicest

  好、比较好、最好

• 词尾时辅音 + y 的双音节时，去掉 y 加 ier 、 iest

  dry、drier、the driest

• 以一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节时，双写最后一个字母，加 er 、 est

  hot, hotter, the hottest

• 多音节和双音节，在形容词和副词前加

  • 程度加强： more 、 the most

  • 成都减弱： less 、 the least

    interesting - more interesting、the most interesting

    ​ - less interesting、the least interesting

• 其他在后面加 er 、 est

  hard、harder、the hardest

  努力的、更努力的、最努力的

• 不规则变化：

原形	比较级	最高级
good	better	the best
many	more	the most
litter	less	the least

练习

high	(higher)	(the highest)
late	(later)		(the latest)
heavy	(heavier)	(the hiaviest)
thin	(thinner)	(thinnest)	// 	一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节
famous	(more famous)	(the most famous)
little	()	()

应用

形容词或副词的比较级：表示 “比较……”

主语 比较级词 than 宾语
{主语}比{宾语}更{比较级词}

• He is taller than his brother.

  他比他哥哥高。

• The book is more expensive than the pen.

  这本书比这支笔贵。

• Her English is better than his.

  她的英语比他的好。

形容词的最高级：表示 “最……”

主语 {最高级词} 宾语
{主语}是{宾语}中{最高级词}

• He is the tallest in his class.

  他是他们班最高的。

• The book is the most expensive of the three.

  这本书是三本书中最贵的。

• Her English is the best among the three.

  她的英语是三个人中最好的。

练习

The girl is (cleverer) than.
			(clever)
			
The computer (is the most expensive) among the three.
			(expensive)

The man is (healthier) than his wife.
			(healthy)